De wetenschap achter een integratieve kijk op migraine

Een migrainebrein verbruikt meer energie dan het aanmaakt. Zakt de energievoorraad van de hersencel te ver, dan lukt het niet langer om de ionenbalans te herstellen en vuurt de cel spontaan. Daaruit volgt de golf over de hersenschors, de activatie van de trigeminuszenuw en de vrijstelling van CGRP. Deze studies gaan over dat tekort en over wat erop volgt.

1. RCT Raffaelli B, Do TP, Chaudhry BA, et al. Activation of ATP-sensitive potassium channels triggers migraine attacks independent of calcitonin gene-related peptide receptors: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Cephalalgia. 2024 PubMed 38181724

2. RCT Al-Khazali HM, Christensen RH, Dodick DW, et al. Hypersensitivity to opening of ATP-sensitive potassium channels in post-traumatic headache. Cephalalgia. 2023 PubMed 37917826

3. RCT Yang M, Yang J, Zeng F, et al. Electroacupuncture stimulation at sub-specific acupoint and non-acupoint induced distinct brain glucose metabolism change in migraineurs: a PET-CT study. J Transl Med. 2014 PubMed 25496446

4. klinische studie Sahin S, Cinar N, Benli Aksungar F, et al. Attenuated lactate response to ischemic exercise in migraine. Med Sci Monit. 2010 PubMed 20671614

5. klinische studie Kokavec A, Crebbin SJ. Sugar alters the level of serum insulin and plasma glucose and the serum cortisol:DHEAS ratio in female migraine sufferers. Appetite. 2010 PubMed 20851729

6. klinische studie Di Lorenzo C, Pierelli F, Coppola G, et al. Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups influence the therapeutic response to riboflavin in migraineurs. Neurology. 2009 PubMed 19414726

7. klinische studie Boska MD, Welch KM, Barker PB, et al. Contrasts in cortical magnesium, phospholipid and energy metabolism between migraine syndromes. Neurology. 2002 PubMed 11971091

8. klinische studie Boska MD, Welch KM, Schultz L, et al. Effects of the anti-migraine drug sumatriptan on muscle energy metabolism: relationship to side-effects. Cephalalgia. 2000 PubMed 10817445

9. klinische studie Ojaimi J, Katsabanis S, Bower S, et al. Mitochondrial DNA in stroke and migraine with aura. Cerebrovasc Dis. 1998 PubMed 9548008

10. review Lu CL, Cheng YC, Lu KC. CGRP-uric acid axis in migraine: A redox-inflammatory framework linking neurovascular signaling and metabolic regulation. Biomed Pharmacother. 2026 PubMed 42341592

11. review Laohapiboolrattana W, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. Metabolomic insights into migraine: mechanisms and biomarkers from in vivo and clinical studies. Metab Brain Dis. 2026 PubMed 42479272

12. review Gross EC et al. The metabolic face of migraine - from pathophysiology to treatment. Nat Rev Neurol. 2019;15(11):627-643. PubMed 31586135

    Migraine als metabole/energetische aandoening

Studies die stress, het autonome zenuwstelsel, cortisol en verhoogde prikkelgevoeligheid koppelen aan migraine.

1. systematische review Lippi G, Mattiuzzi C. Cortisol and migraine: A systematic literature review. J Clin Neurosci. 2017;42:81-86. PubMed 29039159

   Cortisol and migraine

2. RCT Sujan MU et al. Yoga-based breathing and relaxation as adjunctive therapy for chronic migraine: A randomized controlled trial on clinical outcomes and autonomic regulation. Complement Ther Med. 2025;95:103291. PubMed 41176182

   Ademhalings- en ontspanningsprogramma bij chronische migraine

3. review Cui Y, Kataoka Y, Watanabe Y. Role of cortical spreading depression in the pathophysiology of migraine. Neurosci Bull. 2014;30(5):812–822. PubMed 25260797

   CSD is associated with migraine aura

4. review Charles AC, Baca SM. Cortical spreading depression and migraine. Nat Rev Neurol. 2013;9(11):637–644. PubMed 24042483

   CSD is a crucial step in the attack process

5. review Borsook D, et al. Understanding migraine through the lens of maladaptive stress responses. Neuron. 2012;73(2):219-234. PubMed 22284178

   Contributing factor - psychological stress

6. review Sauro KM, Becker WJ. The stress and migraine interaction. Headache. 2009;49(9):1378-1386. PubMed 19619238

   Emotional stress/fear as migraine trigger; the stress-migraine vicious circle and metabolic cost of the stress response

7. studie Lipton RB, Buse DC, Hall CB, et al. Reduction in perceived stress as a migraine trigger. Neurology. 2014;82(16):1395-1401. PubMed 24670889

   Cortisol drop after stress release can trigger a migraine attack

8. studie Kimoto K, et al. Influence of barometric pressure in patients with migraine headache. Intern Med. 2011;50(18):1923-8 PubMed 21921370

   Barometric-pressure drop raises attack frequency; trigeminal/autonomic pathway

Studies naar het verband tussen wat er vroeg in een leven gebeurde en het krijgen van migraine later.

1. meta-analyse Liu J, Guo Y, Huang Z, et al. Childhood abuse and risk of migraine: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Child Abuse Negl. 2024 PubMed 39096662

2. klinische studie Juang KD, Wang SJ, Fuh JL, et al. Association between adolescent chronic daily headache and childhood adversity: a community-based study. Cephalalgia. 2004 PubMed 14687014

3. observationeel Magne H, Pereira B, Moisset X. High prevalence of primary headaches among patients with post-traumatic stress disorder: an observational study of consecutive patients. J Headache Pain. 2025 PubMed 40597602

4. review Tietjen GE, Peterlin BL. Childhood abuse and migraine: epidemiology, sex differences, and potential mechanisms. Headache. 2011;51(6):869-79. PubMed 21631473

   Mishandeling in de kindertijd en migraine

5. studie Duan L, Liu L, He Y, et al. Cumulative adverse childhood experiences increase migraine risk in later life in China: evidence from CHARLS with mediation and Mendelian randomization. J Headache Pain. 2026 PubMed 41749090

6. studie Lu H, Huang D, Yu H, et al. Association between adverse childhood experiences and the risk of developing chronic headache in Chinese individuals: a RCSCD-TCM study in China evidence from a national survey. BMC Public Health. 2024 PubMed 39487425

7. studie Hammond NG, Colman I, Orr SL. Adverse childhood experiences and onset of migraine in Canadian adolescents: A cohort study. Headache. 2022 PubMed 35122430

8. studie Mays I, Flynn J, McGuire B, et al. The Role of Attachment Style, Adverse Childhood Experiences and Dissociation in Migraine. J Trauma Dissociation. 2022 PubMed 34706630

9. studie Tietjen GE. The relationship of childhood adversity and migraine and the value of prospective studies. Headache. 2022 PubMed 35141885

10. studie Anto M, Jaffee S, Tietjen G, et al. Adverse Childhood Experiences and Frequent Headache by Adolescent Self-Report. Pediatr Neurol. 2021 PubMed 34147819

11. studie Hammond NG, Orr SL, Colman I. Early Life Stress in Adolescent Migraine and the Mediational Influence of Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety in a Canadian Cohort. Headache. 2019 PubMed 31524287

12. studie Karmakar M, Elhai JD, Amialchuk AA, Tietjen GE. Do Personality Traits Mediate the Relationship Between Childhood Abuse and Migraine? Headache. 2018;58(2):243-259. PubMed 29027200

    Personality traits link to migraine and mediate the childhood-pattern → migraine path

Studies die het microbioom, een doorlaatbare darmwand, prikkelbare darm en Helicobacter pylori koppelen aan migraine.

1. meta-analyse Grodzka O, Domitrz I. Gut microbiota, probiotics, and migraine: a clinical review and meta-analysis. J Oral Facial Pain Headache. 2025 PubMed 41070562

2. meta-analyse Wongtrakul W, Charoenngam N, Ungprasert P. Increased prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome in migraine patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022 PubMed 33470704

3. meta-analyse Su J, Zhou XY, Zhang GX. Association between Helicobacter pylori infection and migraine: a meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2014 PubMed 25356058

4. systematische review Mugo CW, Church E, Horniblow RD, et al. Unravelling the gut-brain connection: a systematic review of migraine and the gut microbiome. J Headache Pain. 2025 PubMed 40399789

5. systematische review Sinopoulou V, Groen J, Gordon M, et al. Efficacy of interventions for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome, functional abdominal pain-not otherwise specified, and abdominal migraine in children: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2025 PubMed 40246358

6. systematische review Gorenshtein A, Shihada K, Leibovitch L, et al. The association between migraine and gut microbiota: a systematic review. Acta Neurol Belg. 2025 PubMed 40175732

7. RCT San Mauro Martín I, López Oliva S, Garicano Vilar E, et al. Effects of Gluten on Gut Microbiota in Patients with Gastrointestinal Disorders, Migraine, and Dermatitis. Nutrients. 2024 PubMed 38674918

8. RCT Martami F et al. The effects of a multispecies probiotic supplement on inflammatory markers and episodic and chronic migraine characteristics: A randomized double-blind controlled trial. Cephalalgia. 2019;39(7):841-853. PubMed 30621517

   Multispecies probiotica verbeterde migrainekenmerken

9. RCT Xie Y, Zhou G, Xu Y, et al. Effects of Diet Based on IgG Elimination Combined with Probiotics on Migraine Plus Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Pain Res Manag. 2019 PubMed 31531150

10. review Biagioli V et al. The Interplay Between Gut Microbiota, Adipose Tissue, and Migraine: A Narrative Review. Nutrients. 2025;17(2). PubMed 39861467

    Darm-hersenas, neuro-inflammatie en de bloed-hersenbarrière

11. review Gazerani P et al. The Brain, the Eating Plate, and the Gut Microbiome: Partners in Migraine Pathogenesis. Nutrients. 2024;16(14). PubMed 39064664

    Darmmicrobioom en migraine via nervus vagus en cytokines

12. hypothesekader Anderson G. Integrating Pathophysiology in Migraine: Role of the Gut Microbiome and Melatonin. Curr Pharm Des. 2019;25(33):3550-3562. PubMed 31538885

    Dysbiose en butyraattekort bij migraine

Studies over de relatie tussen bloedsuiker, insulinegevoeligheid, ketogene voeding en migraine.

1. meta-analyse Islam MR, Nyholt DR. Cross-trait analyses identify shared genetics between migraine, headache, and glycemic traits, and a causal relationship with fasting proinsulin. Hum Genet. 2023 PubMed 36808568

2. systematische review Caminha MC, Moreira AB, Matheus FC, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of the ketogenic diet and its variations for preventing migraine in adolescents and adults: a systematic review. Nutr Rev. 2022 PubMed 34664676

3. systematische review Hosseinpour M, Maleki F, Khoramdad M, et al. A systematic literature review of observational studies of the bilateral association between diabetes and migraine. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2021 PubMed 33813240

4. RCT Caprio M et al. Very-low-calorie ketogenic diet vs hypocaloric balanced diet in the prevention of high-frequency episodic migraine: the EMIKETO randomized, controlled trial. J Transl Med. 2023;21(1):692. PubMed 37794395

   Zeer laagcalorisch ketogeen dieet verlaagde het aantal migrainedagen

5. review Del Moro L et al. Mind the Metabolic Gap: Bridging Migraine and Alzheimer's disease through Brain Insulin Resistance. Aging Dis. 2024;15(6):2526-2553. PubMed 38913047

   Insulineresistentie in het brein als migrainemechanisme

6. review Gross EC, Schoenen J. The metabolic face of migraine - from pathophysiology to treatment. Nat Rev Neurol. 2019;15(5):271–285. PubMed 31586135

   Lack of metabolic flexibility increases risk of migraine during glucose shortage

7. studie Ali M, et al. The potential impact of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome on migraine headache characteristics. BMC Neurol. 2022;22(1):422. PubMed 36368970

   Insulin resistance links to migraine

8. studie Oşar Siva Z, Uluduz D, Keskin FE, et al. Determinants of glucose metabolism and the role of NPY in insulin resistance progression in chronic migraine. Cephalalgia. 2018;38(11):1773–1781. PubMed 29260593

   Glucose metabolism and insulin resistance in chronic migraine

Studies over mitochondriale functie bij migraine, en over riboflavine en co-enzym Q10 als interventie.

1. meta-analyse Chen et al. Effect of Vitamin B2 supplementation on migraine prophylaxis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Neurosci. 2022. PubMed 33779525

2. meta-analyse Sazali S et al. Coenzyme Q10 supplementation for prophylaxis in adult patients with migraine-a meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2021;11(1):e039358. PubMed 33402403

   Co-enzym Q10 bij migraine

3. meta-analyse Parohan M et al. Effect of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on clinical features of migraine: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Neurosci. 2020;23(11):868-875. PubMed 30727862

   Co-enzym Q10 dosis-responsmeta-analyse

4. meta-analyse Zeng et al. Efficacy of CoQ10 as supplementation for migraine: A meta-analysis. Acta Neurol Scand. 2019. PubMed 30428123

5. RCT Sándor PS et al. Efficacy of coenzyme Q10 in migraine prophylaxis: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology. 2005;64(4):713-5. PubMed 15728298

   Co-enzym Q10 bij migraine

6. review Cevoli S et al. Energy Metabolism Impairment in Migraine. Curr Med Chem. 2019;26(34):6253-6260. PubMed 29932030

   Verstoord energiemetabolisme bij migraine

7. studie Terrin A, Sacconi S, Bassi MT, et al. The relevance of migraine in the clinical spectrum of mitochondrial disorders. Sci Rep. 2022;12:4007. PubMed 35273322

   Mitochondrial dysfunction can affect migraine

8. studie Fila M, Szabo N, Lorincz L, et al. Mitochondria in migraine pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(18):4574. PubMed 31360189

   Mitochondrial dysfunction can affect migraine

Studies die ontstekingsmarkers, cytokines en neurogene ontsteking koppelen aan migraine.

1. systematische review Mohammed MMA et al. The Association Between Periodontal Disease and Chronic Migraine: A Systematic Review. Int Dent J. 2023;73(4):481-488. PubMed 37225630

   Parodontale ziekte en chronische migraine

2. systematische review Thuraiaiyah J et al. The role of cytokines in migraine: A systematic review. Cephalalgia. 2022;42(14):1565-1588. PubMed 35962530

   Chronic (low-grade) inflammation / cytokines contribute to migraine

3. RCT Mazaheri M et al. Assessing the Effect of Zinc Supplementation on the Frequency of Migraine Attack, Duration, Severity, Lipid Profile and hs-CRP in Adult Women. Clin Nutr Res. 2021;10(2):127-139. PubMed 33987139

   Zinksuppletie verbeterde migrainekenmerken

4. RCT Rezaei Kelishadi M et al. The efficacy of alpha-lipoic acid in improving oxidative, inflammatory, and mood status in women with episodic migraine in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Int J Clin Pract. 2021;75(9):e14455. PubMed 34105866

   Alfaliponzuur verlaagde MDA en CRP bij episodische migraine

5. RCT Ghavami A et al. Effect of synbiotic supplementation on migraine characteristics and inflammatory biomarkers in women with migraine: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Pharmacol Res. 2021;169:105668. PubMed 33989763

   Synbiotica bij vrouwen met migraine

6. cohort Huang YK et al. Increased Risk of Migraine in Patients with Chronic Periodontitis: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(4). PubMed 33671172

   Chronische parodontitis verhoogt het risico op migraine

7. review Yamanaka G et al. Experimental and Clinical Investigation of Cytokines in Migraine: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(9):8343 PubMed 37176049

   Chronic (low-grade) inflammation / cytokines contribute to migraine

8. review Di Lazzaro V, et al. Migraine and neuroinflammation: the inflammasome perspective. Cell Death Dis. 2021;12:509. PubMed 34112082

   Migraine mechanism - neuroinflammation

9. review Malhotra R, et al. Understanding migraine: Potential role of neurogenic inflammation. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2016;19(2):175-182. PubMed 27293326

   Neuroinflammation plays a key role in migraine

10. studie Chaudhry SR, et al. Inter-ictal assay of peripheral circulating inflammatory mediators in migraine patients under adjunctive cervical nVNS: a proof-of-concept study. Brain Stimul. 2019;12(3):643-651. PubMed 30745260

    Link between parasympathetic/vagal activity and inflammatory mediators in migraine

Studies over histamine, mestcelactivatie, diamine-oxidase en histaminerijke voeding in relatie tot migraine.

1. RCT Pellesi L, Chaudhry BA, Vollesen ALH, et al. PACAP38- and VIP-induced cluster headache attacks are not associated with changes of plasma CGRP or markers of mast cell activation. Cephalalgia. 2022 PubMed 34822741

2. RCT Izquierdo-Casas J, Comas-Basté O, Latorre-Moratalla ML, et al. Diamine oxidase (DAO) supplement reduces headache in episodic migraine patients with DAO deficiency: A randomized double-blind trial. Clin Nutr. 2019 PubMed 29475774

3. RCT Vollesen LH, Guo S, Andersen MR, et al. Effect of the H1-antihistamine clemastine on PACAP38 induced migraine. Cephalalgia. 2019 PubMed 30165750

4. RCT Millán-Guerrero RO, Isais-Millán R, Guzmán-Chávez B, et al. N alpha methyl histamine versus propranolol in migraine prophylaxis. Can J Neurol Sci. 2014 PubMed 24534036

5. RCT Millán-Guerrero RO, Isais-Millán S, Barreto-Vizcaíno S, et al. Subcutaneous histamine versus botulinum toxin type A in migraine prophylaxis: a randomized, double-blind study. Eur J Neurol. 2009 PubMed 19087155

6. RCT Lassen LH, Christiansen I, Iversen HK, et al. The effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibition on histamine induced headache and arterial dilatation in migraineurs. Cephalalgia. 2003 PubMed 14616929

7. RCT Olness K, Hall H, Rozniecki JJ, et al. Mast cell activation in children with migraine before and after training in self-regulation. Headache. 1999 PubMed 15613202

8. RCT Guerrero RO, Cárdenas MA, Ocampo AA, et al. Histamine as a therapeutic alternative in migraine prophylaxis: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Headache. 1999 PubMed 11279974

9. RCT Lassen LH, Thomsen LL, Olesen J. Histamine induces migraine via the H1-receptor. Neuroreport. 1995;6(11):1475-9. PubMed 7579128

   Histamine triggers migraine via H1

10. RCT Iversen HK, Olesen J. Nitroglycerin-induced headache is not dependent on histamine release: support for a direct nociceptive action of nitric oxide. Cephalalgia. 1994 PubMed 7535192

11. RCT Ghose K, Coppen A, Carrol D. Intravenous tyramine response in migraine before and during treatment with indoramin. Br Med J. 1977 PubMed 324566

12. klinische studie Anselmi B, Tarquini R, Panconesi A, et al. Serum beta-endorphin increase after intravenous histamine treatment of chronic daily headache. Recenti Prog Med. 1997 PubMed 9270292

Studies over menstruele migraine, oestrogeenschommelingen, anticonceptie en de overgang.

1. meta-analyse Wang M et al. Clinical differences between menstrual migraine and nonmenstrual migraine: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Neurol. 2023;270(3):1249-1265. PubMed 36374351

   Menstruele versus niet-menstruele migraine

2. systematische review Sheikh HU, Pavlovic J, Loder E, Burch R. Risk of Stroke Associated With Use of Estrogen Containing Contraceptives in Women With Migraine: A Systematic Review. Headache. 2018;58(1):5-21. PubMed 29139115

3. observationeel Pavlović JM et al. Sex hormones in women with and without migraine: Evidence of migraine-specific hormone profiles. Neurology. 2016;87(1):49-56. PubMed 27251885

   Migrainepatiënten hebben een snellere late-luteale oestrogeendaling

4. observationeel MacGregor EA et al. Incidence of migraine relative to menstrual cycle phases of rising and falling estrogen. Neurology. 2006;67(12):2154-8. PubMed 16971700

   Meer aanvallen in de fase van dalend oestrogeen

5. review Sebastianelli G, Atalar AÇ, Cetta I, et al. Insights from triggers and prodromal symptoms on how migraine attacks start: The threshold hypothesis. Cephalalgia. 2024;44(10):03331024241287224. PubMed 39380339

   Hypothalamic dysfunction lowers the migraine attack threshold; triggers (stress, sleep deprivation, hormonal changes) act as catalysts reducing the threshold

6. review Krause DN, et al. Hormonal influences in migraine - interactions of oestrogen, oxytocin and CGRP. Nat Rev Neurol. 2021;17(10):621–633 PubMed 34545218

   Postpartum / estrogen-withdrawal migraine

7. review Vetvik KG, MacGregor EA. Menstrual migraine: a distinct disorder needing greater recognition. The Lancet Neurology. 2021;20(4):304–315. PubMed 33600767

   Migraine occurs more often around menstruation, ovulation, or just after pregnancy

8. review Faubion SS, Batur P, Calhoun AH. Migraine Throughout the Female Reproductive Life Cycle. Mayo Clin Proc. 2018. PubMed 29728203

   Postpartum is a window of migraine vulnerability tied to abrupt estrogen decline

9. review Ripa P, Ornello R, Degan D, et al. Migraine in menopausal women: a systematic review. Int J Womens Health. 2015;7:773-782. PubMed 26316824

   ~65% of migraine patients improve/disappear after menopause; ~10% worsen

10. review MacGregor EA. Contraception and headache. Headache. 2013;53(2):247-76. PubMed 23432442

    Anticonceptie en hoofdpijn

11. kritische herbeoordeling Raffaelli B et al. Menstrual migraine is caused by estrogen withdrawal: revisiting the evidence. J Headache Pain. 2023;24(1):131. PubMed 37730536

    Oestrogeenonttrekking bij menstruele migraine: kritische herbeoordeling

12. studie Sacco S, Merki-Feld GS, Ægidius KL, et al. Hormonal contraceptives and risk of ischemic stroke in women with migraine: a consensus statement from the European Headache Federation (EHF) and the European Society of Contraception and Reproductive Health (ESC). J Headache Pain. 2017;18(1):108. PubMed 29086160

Studies over homocysteine, de MTHFR-genvariant en B-vitamines in relatie tot migraine.

1. meta-analyse Sudershan A, Pushap AC, Kumar H, et al. A Comprehensive Investigation into the Association Between Mthfr C677t, A1298c, and Ace I/D Variants and Risk of Migraine: an Updated Meta-Analysis of Genetic Association Studies with Trial Sequential Analysis and Meta-Regression. J Mol Neurosci. 2023 PubMed 37843720

2. meta-analyse Liampas I, Siokas V, Mentis AA, et al. Serum Homocysteine, Pyridoxine, Folate, and Vitamin B12 Levels in Migraine: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Headache. 2020 PubMed 32615014

3. meta-analyse Liu L, Yu Y, He J, et al. Effects of MTHFR C677T and A1298C Polymorphisms on Migraine Susceptibility: A Meta-Analysis of 26 Studies. Headache. 2019 PubMed 31045246

4. meta-analyse Liu R, Geng P, Ma M, et al. MTHFR C677T polymorphism and migraine risk: a meta-analysis. J Neurol Sci. 2014 PubMed 24183284

5. meta-analyse Schürks M, Rist PM, Kurth T. MTHFR 677C>T and ACE D/I polymorphisms in migraine: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Headache. 2010 PubMed 19925624

6. meta-analyse Rubino E, Ferrero M, Rainero I, et al. Association of the C677T polymorphism in the MTHFR gene with migraine: a meta-analysis. Cephalalgia. 2009 PubMed 17714520

7. systematische review Liampas IN, Siokas V, Aloizou AM, et al. Pyridoxine, folate and cobalamin for migraine: A systematic review. Acta Neurol Scand. 2020 PubMed 32279306

8. RCT Matin H, Taghian F, Chitsaz A. Artificial intelligence analysis to explore synchronize exercise, cobalamin, and magnesium as new actors to therapeutic of migraine symptoms: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Neurol Sci. 2022 PubMed 35112219

9. RCT Askari G, Nasiri M, Mozaffari-Khosravi H, et al. The effects of folic acid and pyridoxine supplementation on characteristics of migraine attacks in migraine patients with aura: A double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Nutrition. 2017 PubMed 28526386

Studies over oxidatieve stress, glutathion, stikstofmonoxide en antioxidanten bij migraine.

1. meta-analyse Dong H, Wang ZH, Dong B, et al. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (-786T>C) polymorphism and migraine susceptibility: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018 PubMed 30200152

2. meta-analyse Neri M, Frustaci A, Milic M, et al. A meta-analysis of biomarkers related to oxidative stress and nitric oxide pathway in migraine. Cephalalgia. 2015 PubMed 25573894

3. RCT Askari MA, Golpour-Hamedani S, Khorvash F, et al. The effects of Mixodin supplementation on migraine headache characteristics, oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with migraine: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Nutr J. 2026 PubMed 42021338

4. RCT Tirani SA, Saneei P, Khorvash F, et al. Effects of probiotic and vitamin D co-supplementation on migraine index, quality of life, and oxidative stress in adults with migraine headache: a randomized triple-blinded clinical trial. Eur J Nutr. 2025 PubMed 40360751

5. RCT Balali A et al. The effect of selenium supplementation on oxidative stress, clinical and physiological symptoms in patients with migraine: a double-blinded randomized clinical trial. Front Nutr. 2024;11:1369373. PubMed 38757125

   Selenium bij migraine

6. patiënt-controle Eruyar E et al. Changes in oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers in the pathogenesis of migraine: possible relationships with lipid metabolism. BMC Neurol. 2025;25(1):501. PubMed 41387786

   Verlaagd glutathion en verhoogde oxidatieve stress bij migraine

7. observationeel Gonzalez A et al. Migraines Are Correlated with Higher Levels of Nitrate-, Nitrite-, and Nitric Oxide-Reducing Oral Microbes in the American Gut Project Cohort. mSystems. 2016;1(5). PubMed 27822557

   Meer nitraatreducerende mondbacteriën bij migraine

8. review Borkum JM. Brain Energy Deficit as a Source of Oxidative Stress in Migraine: A Molecular Basis for Migraine Susceptibility. Neurochem Res. 2021;46(8):1913-1932. (found via /research-local on 2026-05-21); complementary: Sedley W, et al. Migraine as an allostatic reset triggered by unresolved interoceptive prediction errors. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2024;158:105536. PubMed 33939061

   Sustained vigilance burns energy, raising the risk of an energy deficit and an attack

9. narratieve review Borkum JM. Migraine Triggers and Oxidative Stress: A Narrative Review and Synthesis. Headache. 2016;56(1):12-35. PubMed 26639834

   Oxidatieve stress als gemeenschappelijk pad bij migrainetriggers

Studies over magnesium, elektrolytenbalans en uitdroging in relatie tot migraine.

1. observationeel Arab A et al. Is there a relationship between dietary sodium and potassium intake and clinical findings of a migraine headache?. Br J Nutr. 2022;127(12):1839-1848. PubMed 34378504

   Natrium- en kaliuminname en migrainekenmerken

2. genetische studie Lafrenière RG et al. A dominant-negative mutation in the TRESK potassium channel is linked to familial migraine with aura. Nat Med. 2010;16(10):1157-60. PubMed 20871611

   KCNK18/TRESK-mutatie bij familiale migraine met aura

3. genetische studie De Fusco M et al. Haploinsufficiency of ATP1A2 encoding the Na+/K+ pump alpha2 subunit associated with familial hemiplegic migraine type 2. Nat Genet. 2003;33(2):192-6. PubMed 12539047

   ATP1A2 (natrium/kaliumpomp) bij hemiplegische migraine

4. review Dominguez LJ et al. Magnesium and Migraine. Nutrients. 2025;17(4):725. PubMed 40005053

   Magnesium en migraine: overzicht van de mechanismen

5. review Domitrz I, Cegielska J. Magnesium as an Important Factor in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Migraine - From Theory to Practice. Nutrients. 2022;14(5):1089. PubMed 35268064

   Magnesium keeps glutamate in check; deficiency → overstimulation/migraine

6. review Maier JA, Pickering G, Giacomoni E, Cazzaniga A, Pellegrino P. Headaches and magnesium: mechanisms, bioavailability, therapeutic efficacy and potential advantage of magnesium pidolate. Nutrients. 2020;12(9):2660. PubMed 32878232

   Magnesium as a brake on glutamate (NMDA mechanism)

7. review Borkum JM. Migraine Triggers and Oxidative Stress: A Narrative Review and Synthesis. Headache. 2016;56(1):12-35 PubMed 26639834

   Dehydration is a well-known migraine trigger

8. review Seelig MS. Interrelationship of magnesium and estrogen in cardiovascular and bone disorders, eclampsia, migraine and premenstrual syndrome. J Am Coll Nutr. 1993;12(4):442-458. PubMed 8409107

   Estrogen raises magnesium use

9. studie Khorsha F, et al. Association of drinking water and migraine headache severity. J Clin Neurosci. 2020;77:81-84 PubMed 32446809

   Dehydration is a well-known migraine trigger

10. studie Meyer MM, Schmidt A, Benrath J, Konstandin S. Cerebral sodium (23Na) magnetic resonance imaging in patients with migraine: a case-control study. Eur Radiol. 2019;29(12):7055-7062 PubMed 31264011

11. studie Gross NB, et al. Endogenous Na+, K+-ATPase inhibitors and CSF [Na+] contribute to migraine formation. PLoS One. 2019;14(6):e0218041. PubMed 31173612

    Insulin/Na-K shifts in the brain can trigger migraine

12. studie Pogoda JM, Gross NB, Arakaki X, Fonteh AN, Cowan RP, Harrington MG. Severe Headache or Migraine History Is Inversely Correlated With Dietary Sodium Intake: NHANES 1999-2004. Headache. 2016;56(4):688-700 PubMed 27016121

    Too little salt is a problem; sodium handling is abnormal in migraine (elevated brain/CSF sodium); higher dietary sodium associates with LOWER migraine odds

Studies over slaapstoornissen, het circadiane ritme, chronotype en melatonine bij migraine.

1. meta-analyse Abouelmagd ME et al. Efficacy and Safety of Melatonin in Migraine Prophylaxis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2026;30(1):25. PubMed 41627537

   Melatonine bij migraine

2. meta-analyse Puliappadamb et al. Efficacy and Safety of Melatonin as Prophylaxis for Migraine in Adults: A Meta-analysis. J Oral Facial Pain Headache. 2022. PubMed 36445912

3. meta-analyse Caponnetto V, et al. Comorbidities of primary headache disorders: a literature review with meta-analysis. J Headache Pain. 2021;22(1):71. PubMed 34261435

   Migraine commonly co-occurs with depression, anxiety, sleep disorders, and cardiovascular problems

4. systematische review Tiseo C, Vacca A, Felbush A, et al. Migraine and sleep disorders: a systematic review. J Headache Pain. 2020 PubMed 33109076

5. RCT Arslan SG, Yılmaz MS, Kınalı KÇ, et al. Effects of vestibular rehabilitation program on balance, dizziness severity, sleep quality and quality of life in patients with vestibular migraine. Ir J Med Sci. 2026 PubMed 41240256

6. RCT Mehramiri et al. The Effect of Melatonin on Reducing the Frequency and Severity of Migraine Attacks: A Double-Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial. Iran J Med Sci. 2024. PubMed 38751874

7. RCT Mykland MS, Uglem M, Stovner LJ, et al. Insufficient sleep may alter cortical excitability near the migraine attack: A blinded TMS crossover study. Cephalalgia. 2023 PubMed 36786296

8. RCT Gelfand AA, Allen IE, Grimes B, et al. Melatonin for migraine prevention in children and adolescents: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial after single-blind placebo lead-in. Headache. 2023 PubMed 37466211

9. RCT Burrowes SAB, Goloubeva O, Stafford K, et al. Enhanced mindfulness-based stress reduction in episodic migraine-effects on sleep quality, anxiety, stress, and depression: a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial. Pain. 2022 PubMed 34407032

10. RCT Gelfand AA, Ross AC, Irwin SL, et al. Melatonin for Acute Treatment of Migraine in Children and Adolescents: A Pilot Randomized Trial. Headache. 2020 PubMed 32965037

11. RCT Smitherman TA, Kuka AJ, Calhoun AH, et al. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia to Reduce Chronic Migraine: A Sequential Bayesian Analysis. Headache. 2018 PubMed 29732536

12. RCT Alstadhaug KB et al. Prophylaxis of migraine with melatonin: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology. 2010;75(17):1527-32. PubMed 20975054

    Melatonine met vertraagde afgifte werkte niet beter dan placebo

Studies over interoceptie, alexithymie, dissociatie en mindfulness in relatie tot migraine.

1. meta-analyse Reangsing C, Punsuwun S, Oerther S. Effects of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) on headache pain in migraine patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2026 PubMed 41421052

2. meta-analyse Liao YC et al. Effectiveness and influence of mindfulness-based intervention on migraine patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychosom Res. 2025;197:112366. PubMed 40876377

   Mindfulness-interventies bij migraine

3. meta-analyse Taxer B, de Castro-Carletti EM, von Piekartz H, et al. Facial recognition, laterality judgement, alexithymia and resulting central nervous system adaptations in chronic primary headache and facial pain-A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Oral Rehabil. 2024 PubMed 38803203

4. meta-analyse Prohaska S, Matthias K. Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction as a Nondrug Preventive Intervention in Patients with Migraine: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analyses. Complement Med Res. 2023 PubMed 37906991

5. meta-analyse Anheyer D, Leach MJ, Klose P, et al. Mindfulness-based stress reduction for treating chronic headache: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cephalalgia. 2019 PubMed 29863407

6. meta-analyse Gu Q, Hou JC, Fang XM. Mindfulness Meditation for Primary Headache Pain: A Meta-Analysis. Chin Med J (Engl). 2018 PubMed 29578127

7. RCT Ramaswamy KA, Shetty S, Shetty P. Immediate Cognitive and Interoceptive Benefits of Yoga-Based Visual Respiratory Biofeedback in Migraine: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2026 PubMed 41441966

8. RCT Golshan F, Sun G, Francisco J, et al. Randomized controlled trial of neurofeedback mindfulness meditation as a practice for migraine management. J Clin Neurosci. 2025 PubMed 41101279

9. RCT Raggi A, D'Amico D, Guastafierro E, et al. Cost-efficacy evaluation of a mindfulness-based program added to treatment as usual for the treatment of chronic migraine associated to medication overuse headache. Neurol Sci. 2025 PubMed 40555938

10. RCT Wells RE et al. Effectiveness of Mindfulness Meditation vs Headache Education for Adults With Migraine: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2021;181(3):317-328. PubMed 33315046

    Mindfulness versus hoofdpijnvoorlichting bij migraine

11. review Zhang L, Lu X, Bi Y, Hu L. Pavlov's Pain: the Effect of Classical Conditioning on Pain Perception and its Clinical Implications. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2019;23(3):19. PubMed 30835004

    Conditioned interoceptive cues (e.g. nausea) become learned triggers that reinforce attacks

Studies over hoofdpijn door overmatig gebruik van aanvalsmedicatie, en over afbouwen.

1. meta-analyse Giri S, Tronvik E, Linde M, et al. Randomized controlled studies evaluating Topiramate, Botulinum toxin type A, and mABs targeting CGRP in patients with chronic migraine and medication overuse headache: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cephalalgia. 2023 PubMed 36856015

2. meta-analyse Diener HC, Katsarava Z. Medication overuse headache. Curr Med Res Opin. 2001 PubMed 12463272

3. systematische review Kong F, Buse DC, Zhu G, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of different pharmacological therapies to medication overuse headache: a network meta-analysis. J Headache Pain. 2024 PubMed 39375607

4. systematische review Vides-Rosales M. Pediatric Medication-overuse Headache and Global Headache Research. A Systematic Review. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2021 PubMed 34749910

5. RCT Jensen RH, Lundqvist C, Schytz HW, et al. Eptinezumab With Patient Education for Chronic Migraine and Medication-Overuse Headache: The Randomized, Placebo-Controlled RESOLUTION Trial. Neurology. 2026 PubMed 41886713

6. RCT Tepper SJ, Schytz HW, Jensen RH, et al. Benefits of eptinezumab on patient-reported disease burden and health-related quality of life in adults with chronic migraine and medication-overuse headache: Results from the placebo-controlled RESOLUTION trial. Cephalalgia. 2026 PubMed 42142011

7. RCT Schytz HW, Jensen RH, Lundqvist C, et al. Efficacy and safety of eptinezumab in adults with chronic migraine and medication-overuse headache who also received patient education: 24-week results of the randomized RESOLUTION trial. J Headache Pain. 2026 PubMed 42288801

8. RCT Tepper SJ, Dodick DW, Lanteri-Minet M, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Erenumab in Adults With Medication Overuse Headache: Final Results From a Phase 4 Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study. Eur J Neurol. 2025 PubMed 40838472

9. RCT Goadsby PJ, Friedman DI, Holle-Lee D, et al. Efficacy of Atogepant in Chronic Migraine With and Without Acute Medication Overuse in the Randomized, Double-Blind, Phase 3 PROGRESS Trial. Neurology. 2024 PubMed 38924724

10. studie Curone M, Tullo V, Lovati C, Proietti-Cecchini A, D'Amico D. Prevalence and profile of obsessive-compulsive trait in patients with chronic migraine and medication overuse. Neurol Sci. 2014;35(Suppl 1):185-187. PubMed 24867863

    Perfectionism trait is prevalent among chronic migraine patients